The role of artificial light at night and road density in predicting the seasonal occurrence of nocturnally migrating birds

Aim Artificial light at night (ALAN) and roads are known threats to nocturnally migrating birds. How associations with ALAN defined in combination for these species the population level across full annual cycle has not been explored. Location Western Hemisphere. Methods We estimated range-wide exposure, predictor importance prevalence of positive a weekly temporal resolution 166 bird three orders: Passeriformes (n = 104), Anseriformes 27) Charadriiformes 35). clustered based on associations. Results Positive were more prevalent during migration when exposure highest. breeding season was lowest. Importance uniform highest Charadriiformes. Our cluster analysis identified groups Passeriformes, each having similar roads. The first occurred eastern North America where prevalence, second wintered Mexico Central third throughout low, uniform. comprised dense habitat specialists long-distance migrants. open short distance Main conclusions findings suggest pose greatest risk results emphasise close relationship between roads, diversity dictated by taxonomy, strategy need informed comprehensive mitigation strategies treated as interconnected threats.